Dbq 9 Civilizations of the Americas - 1258 Words

DBQ 9: Civilizations of the Americas The Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilizations each contributed major accomplishments to the world today. These accomplishments established them as advanced societies during their time. The Incans built a large road system, devised a complex irrigation system and developed their own language. The Mayans constructed the largest structure known until modern times, made drastic accomplishments in mathematics, studied astronomy and formed a calendar. The Aztecs built well-organized cities and developed a writing system based on pictures. The Incas, in particular, were uniquely impressive. Just as any empire, the Incas needed to standardize the necessities, such as language and trade. Accomplishing this†¦show more content†¦Finally, we have the mighty Aztecs. The center of the Aztec civilization was in the Valley of Mexico, a huge high-elevation basin in the Sierra Madre Mountains. This valley had a mild climate that was good for agriculture. The surrounding lowlands offered a hotter, wetter tropical climate and an abundance of natural resources. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of Imperialism1278 Words   |  6 PagesNAME DATE PERIOD ESSAY DBQ: Effects of Imperialism AP WORLD HISTORY Document-Based Question: Effects of Imperialism Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1- 13 (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an essay that: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all or all butRead MoreAtomic Bomb Justified? Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manhattan Project, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer put together an impressive team of brilliant Physicists. His hiring, leadership, management skills and analytic capabilities were paramount in the success and development of the two Atomic Bombs. America, along with their allies, Britain and the Republic of China called for Japan’s surrender. They said failure to comply would result in utter destruction. Japan chose to ignore the request and proceeded with business as usual. Dr. Robert OppenheimerRead MoreHistory 9th Grade2275 Words   |  10 Pagesphilosopher 3.)ruled by fear (emperor) 4.)the Han dynasty was a time of economic prosperity 5.) to come alive again/be reborn 6.)Soteriology goal 7.)Denoting the generation or generations after the parental generation. 8.)karma and reincarnation 9.) 10.)He masterminded Athenian strategy in the Peloponnesian War. 11.)son of Phillip ruler of Greece 12.)a city state 13.)A citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill. 15.)A form of government with a monarchRead MoreIslamic and Christianity Essay13431 Words   |  54 PagesVO L U M E FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York 2 2 OF DBQ REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Tuesday, August 17, 2010 — 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only RATING GUIDE FOR PART III A AND PART III B (DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION) Updated information regarding the rating of this examination may be posted on the New York State Education Department’s web site during the rating period. Visit the site http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/osa/ and select the link

`` What Is A Hero Without Love For Mankind `` By Doris...

In a society where motives are questionable and clouded by money and fame, Doris Lessing remarks, â€Å"What is a hero without love for mankind† (Lessing). Ever forgotten in a hero are the primary traits of courage, passion, and integrity that we claim to commend; instead, modern society chooses to look for superficial qualities that are essentially worthless. Although I too live in the modern world and am exposed to the allure of celebrities and superheroes, my vision of a hero is fundamental; a hero is one that relentlessly strives to stand for a worthy cause. To me, a deserving hero is someone that voices their own opinions, free of concern for what people may think. More people in our modern world praise peace-keeping followers who abide by rules and remain indifferent. However, we do not continue to develop as a nation due to bystanders. Instead, the people who stumble upon newfound sense and attempt to instigate it in society display heroic traits that we must possess to progress forward as a civilization. Those who are stay true to their morals, those who persevere in their pursuit of reform, and those who are passionate about their work are the worthy, deserving heroes. In the aspect of encompassing said traits, Susan B. Anthony is the definition of a worthy hero. In 1820, Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts, to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Raised as a Liberal Quaker with sharp features and beliefs, Susan B. Anthony was prompted by her parents to be

Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction Free Essays

Naturalistic observation is a form of data collection where the researcher assumes the role of an observer, which may be participative or non-participative (Gonnerman, 2007). Either way, this method aims to make studies on organisms’ (i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now human) behaviors in their natural environment, unhindered by control parameters that studies in a laboratory, for example, impose. It is understandable that human beings, just like other organisms, act differently under the watchful eye of any observer, most especially due to self-consciousness. However, it is also understood that even as we are not under scrutiny (there is an absence of outside scrutiny), in the external environment, in a world beyond our own comfort zone, we still experience a â€Å"feeling of being watched†, or the so-called spotlight effect. Hence, naturalistic observation does not guarantee the absence of behavioral alteration, and the best that could probably be hoped for is a decrease in such that may lead to objective conclusions. In this project, the researcher—myself—chose to make behavioral observations on subjects who are unaware that they are being observed, in the hopes of avoiding possible alterations in their behavior pattern. The setting is the department store, where two girls are shopping for clothes. The behaviors observed during the first twenty minutes are that Girl One is phlegmatic and submissive, in her attempt to avoid conflict; while Girl Two is demanding. A hypothesis, therefore, was made that Girl Two would speak more often and in a louder voice than Girl One. The results of the second observation, however, show that Girl Two spoke more often but in hushed tones, and Girl Two was the one who spoke less but in a louder voice. It is therefore concluded that the hypothesis is wrong, and that human behavior could not be readily predicted, only justified. Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction I observed a conversation between two girls shopping for clothes on [please insert time and date of â€Å"observation†]. We are at a department store [should the client wish to insert a particular department store, please do so], standing amid racks of clothing. One has dark hair cropped short near her chin; she was wearing a plain, light-blue, long-sleeved shirt, whom I shall refer to as Girl One. The other girl, Girl Two, has curly, shoulder-length, brown hair, and she was wearing a pink sleeveless shirt with a butterfly embroidered across the chest. There are only a few people about, including myself and the sales lady. Girl Two picks up a purple sleeveless dress with gray stripes and holds it against herself for her friend to see.   Girl One circles around the clothes racks, but does not pick any item out. Girl One slowly turns back around when Girl Two calls her. Girl One goes with Girl Two to the dressing room; Girl One waits outside, leaning on the wall with her feet stretched out in front of her as Girl Two takes her time inside the dressing room. When Girl Two emerges from the dressing room, Girl One looks at her from head to toe and nods her head. All of this takes place during the first ten minutes of the observation. During the second ten minutes, the conversation went like this: Girl One: â€Å"The dress looks okay, you should buy it.† Girl Two: â€Å"Are you sure? Or are you just telling me that so we can go now?† Girl One: â€Å"No I’m not. Come on, just buy it.† Girl Two: â€Å"You wouldn’t be pushing me into buying this if it was alright with you to go shopping. You shouldn’t have come.† Girl One: â€Å"Alright, maybe you’re right. I wanna go now but I don’t wanna spoil your fun so just get on with it and take all your time if need be.† Girl Two: â€Å"Alright then, just let me choose another dress to compare with this one and we’ll go.† Girl One: â€Å"Sure, whatever.† Based on the narrated observations, I have reached a possible hypothesis that one of the girls, Girl Two is probably a demanding sort of person, a domineering persona who can manipulate people like Girl One into doing what she wants. A parallel hypothesis is that Girl Two is a phlegmatic, and slightly submissive persona who simply does not want to be bothered or does not want any conflict, and so goes along with whatever Girl One asks of her. In line with this, I decided to gather observation that would enable me to determine which of the girls would eventually become more exasperated by the other and raise her voice more often, and this girl would be Girl Two, with the demanding character. The parameters I used are of course the number of times that the subject spoke, and the number of times the voice was raised within the 20 minutes of observation. I followed the girls two their next destination which was a coffee shop, bringing with me a few of my friends to cover me. We sat on the booth next to them, and I proceeded with my 20-minute observation. Based on my notes, Girl Two spoke more often, having used eight opportunities to talk in twenty minutes, whereas Girl One spoke less often, speaking only three times within the time span. However, Girl One raised her voice at all speaking opportunities, while Girl Two never raised her voice and spoke in a lowered voice. I therefore conclude that the hypothesis is wrong—Girl Two, even with her demanding personality, did not raise her voice, and did not seem exasperated by Girl One’s passive attitude. Instead, it was Girl One who got â€Å"fed up†. The exercise was extremely challenging because first and foremost, I had to pretend that I did not exist. Or at least, assume a role that did not directly participate in their world. In other words, it was as if I was stalking them or spying on them. I had to persuade my friends to come with me and serve as my â€Å"cover†. I was also nervous because if I did not do well with pretending I was also looking at the dresses, or recording some descriptions about the clothes in my notebook and not about them, I probably would be blacklisted in that department store. It was challenging also, to keep my mind off formulating biased opinions; I had to concentrate on being the â€Å"unattached† social scientist role. One insight I have learned is that even some personalities that seem to clash all the time somehow complement each other and form what they call a â€Å"love-hate† relationship that defies all odds and expectations. And another is that human behavior, although inferences may be made out of them, can never be truly predicted by an outside observer because there are other factors to consider than the setting, and whatever is in the natural environment of observation at that point in time. One has to consider what happened before the trip to the mall which upset Girl One so greatly, so much so that she belied expectations. Through this exercise, I have learned that nonverbal behavior is hard to observe and describe without biases, or forming opinions about them. However, when I do try to formulate opinions, I find that nonverbal behavior gives an insight into what the subject may be thinking as much the same way as verbal behavior would. Either way, human behavior can never be predicted; we can only understand the why’s and how’s surrounding a certain action and reaction. Reference Gonnerman (2007). Surveys and Naturalistic Observation. Retrieved February 9 2008 from http:// fp.uni.edu (2007) How to cite Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction, Essays

Land Law Act

Question: Write an essay on Land Law? Answer: Introduction Part six of the Registration Act 1925, deals with The Register and The Registration. The matters covered in this Act are the finality of registration, the register, boundaries, and quality title, land certificates and using information. Requirements of a registrable disposition, duty to disclose superseding interests, changes in the register and procedure followed before the Registrar are not included in this Act. Register According to the said Act, a register shall be maintained. Rules mentioned about how a register is to be maintained. Specifically, rules are made about the information that is to be kept in the register, its arrangement and its form. This loom allows suppleness to change the way a register is kept. The changes do not require legislation. Proprietorship of Registration According to Clause 58(1), of the Land Registration Act 1925 if a person registers himself as a proprietor of the land and enters his name as such in the Register, then such person is not considered as the owner of the property. Ownership of the land is the result of such registration proceeded[3]. Registration is deemed to be complete when application for registration is made. Many countries maintain a cadastre which means land-holding record. This record is used for monetary purposes and under this system; limitations are often examined with a defined level of accuracy. Since there are different advances on land proprietorship this system was rejected in England and Wales. People relied on the boundaries general rule which is stated in Rule 278 of the Land Registration Rules (Abella v. Rodriguez). Title Part 3 of the said Act deals with the title after registration is completed. The registrar does not register the property with absolute title. The registrar can register the property with ownership title or household title. The Land Registration Act, 1925, provided legislation for upgrading titles. Clause 62 of the Act is a replication of the same provisions with some changes. Certain conditions are to be met before the Registrar upgrades the title of ownership after registration. A person who has interest in the title of the property, a mortgagee who has possession of the property and a person who is not a proprietor but is permitted to register are the persons who are entitled to apply for upgrading of a title. Upgrading Title Effects The Land Registration Act 1925 does not specify direct consequence of the advancing title. A conclusion is drawn depending on the facts and circumstances. However, the Act states the manner to formulate the upgrading of title easier to comprehend. Uses of Register According to Clause 64 of Land Registration Act, 1925 new power is created. One of the important aims of the Act is to create a organization of conveyance in which name can be investigated online via computer. The following instances can make a title defective: A person who looks like a owner but is not a real owner and the owner had limited powers but made a nature that he has no authority to make[7]. There is another kind of fault in title. This form is not included in the Registration Act. There are other ways of investigation conducted beyond the Registration System [8]. This defect in title is created during the itinerary of possession of property and it makes the title ineffective. However, there are only few situations of such kind that causes defect in the title. Some example of defects are where a rent is directed to a right of re admission due to breach of agreement, where a freehold is matter of rent incriminate, the incriminate is supported by re entry right and the freeh older has made default to pay the rent. There may be situations that are not met and consequently, because of the defective conditions the registered estate is terminated. Clause 64(1), states that if it appears to the Registrar that the right to decide ownership in a particular land has become usable then he may make entry of the details in the register. Information Assessment The nationwide process of registration of land was first established in Wales and English under the Land Registration Act, 1862. The traditional method of registration proved futile and following further attempts, the modern structure of registration had come into effect by the Land Registration Act, 1925. Meanwhile, many countries had made registration compulsory. The last registration order was completed in the year 1990. The Land Registration Act 2002 foliage the 1925 traditional system of registration nevertheless allows the foreword of the electronic signatures and electronic conveyancing to register and transfer property. The land registry is linked with Land Information Service in Europe. Particulars of registration are made available to any person on payment of agreed fees. Recently, defensive procedures are introduced for identification of the persons. No particulars will be on record for evidence, which does not have a proper recorded transaction. A legal frontier deals with division of ownership of land. It is an imperceptible boundary separating one persons property from the other. Though there may not be a defined boundary yet an approximate division is always visible on the Register of the land. Assessment of information means the capability of obtaining information from the register is an essential feature to the system of registration. Having easy and open access to information contained in the Register helps in fast conveyancing. The Act contains a number of rules, which deals with easy use of information contained in the Register. The most recurrently occurring type of incongruity with regard to real estate is disputes relating to land. Cases differ from illegitimate land occupancy until illegal sale of land. Issues affect the real estate market with illegality. E registration has streamlined registration of immovable properties. E registration ha simplified registration of immovable properties. The online registration system effectively cured all the underlying problems and loopholes in the traditional system of registration. E registration provides more transparency in the registration process. The Land Registration Act of 1925 has also altered the traditional system of registration. Section 112 of the Land Registration Act is considered as one of the most important sections. The preceding Land Registration Act of 1925 substituted this section. The Act of 1988 created a open register. Prior to this, the Registrar could only inspect a register or by an authorized person. Section 112 has included fundamental changes in the land registration system. First, of all it provided a facilitator for electronic conveyancing. A open register is a very important feature to the process of conveyancing in which examination on designate can be made online by direct access without requiring the permission of the registered proprietor (Fojas v. Grey). Secondly, the prologue of this section has changed the discernment of the register itself. The contents of a register are not considered a private matter pertinent to the conveyancing parties. The contents of the Register are now considered as public information about land having open access can be used by anyone with matters relatin g to conveyancing. Clause 66 Land Registration Act, 1925 is replaced by section 112. According to the Section a person may examine or create copies of the title of the register, any other document which is kept by the registrar relating to the application made by him and cautions to be resorted to against first registration. The right that endowed in Clause 66(1) goes ahead of what can be done under Section 112 of the Act of 1925 in the following aspects: Firstly, the register was not a public document. There were number of restrictions imposed on the right to access the register. This was done to protect private information. Secondly, an application was to be submitted to the registrar to inspect and copy any document. At present, such papers can be examined only at the prudence of the Registrar. Thirdly, the register of title is a open register. At present, since registration are maintained in index maps, there is a right to search the index map and to obtain copies of the title. The Land Registration Act, 2002 was introduced in response to the Law Commissionand HM Land Registry report,Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century(2001).The Act: The Land Registration Act, 2002, has introduced the new system by means of electronic signatures to register immovable property online. Example if a piece of land is passed on for generations to generations and the current owner wants to determine the current value of the land. The determination can be made easier by using a more transparent process of document verification and disclosure of details. E registration has provided a much-desired transparency. The fees of a broker is definitely reduced because of e registration. However, a broker is still required to give advice on the investment proposition and to arbitrate between the parties to negotiate the price. The land registration application can be submitted online and after completion of verification by the authorized person, the land is registered. E registration is a safe process. Hackers do not have access to the papers that only owners can procure. The SSL encrypted multiple layers of security which is not easy to hack the customers details. In cases such as Fitzwilliam V. Richall Services Ltd. and Swift 1st ltd v. Chief Land Registrar. In the cases mentioned here fraud was committed at the time of registration. Fraud had become one of the major issue at the time when the Land Registration Act was amended. E registration gives transparency to the whole system of registration. In the case of Strand Securities V. Casewell it was decided that the fundamental object to form the Land Registration Act, 2002 was to protect the interests of the person who gets proprietorship after registration is complete. In case of any discrepancy, inquiry will be conducted on the premises. The right of the owner will not be diminished. Therefore, it is the duty of the purchaser to conduct proper inquiry before purchasing a land. The main objective of the Act was to provide titles and evidence of ownership. Individuals who become landowner may also apply online for registration of unregistered land. Limitations According to Section 66(2), of the Land Registration Act, 1925 endowns the right to inspect and obtain a copy as conferred by clause 66(1) is subject to limitations and rules. The rules may be subject to exceptions . It is probable that regulations will limit access to documents that may be receptive in nature. Official Copies Section 113, of the Land Registration Act 1925, deals with official copies. However, there is not a clear definition that is provided for the term office copies. Office copies are kept on paper record having the Land Registry Water mark and are certified accurate. The Act abandoned the term office copies and employed the word official copy to the Act. An official copy is deemed as admissible evidence having similar significance as the copy. Rules are stated about issuance of official copies, the form of office copies, the application for office copies and the situations to be met by the applicant for obtaining an official copy, which included payment of fees. The Act states that a person who applies for a official copy in which a mistake is made then the other person shall not be liable for the mistake made. Section 118 has the same effect as in section 110(4) o f the Land Registration Act, 1925. However, in order to make adjustment in the open register it goes beyond than section 110 (4). Therefore, electronic conveyancing saves times. It saves time of both the organisers as well as the participants. Online registration is free and has effective customer support. Online registration ensures that the person will have access to all the necessary information. Online registration is a very safe and secure method of registration. It is not easy to hack the registration process. Issues and Facts: The Works, a small derelict engineering factory was viewed and later purchased by Frank, who was an artist. Frank therefore wanted to convert the said property into a studio for his own use. After viewing the said property Frank thought that the movable properties that he saw while viewing the property, was included in the valuation of the whole property. The items being: an antique light fitting that hung from an iron bracket which was secured to an wall of the factory by a dozen of screws, a pile o rusting lengths of steel which was left lying in the storeroom, an old substantial timber outbuilding that stood on stone pillars but was otherwise unattached to the land and a furnace which was constructed of stone, steel and cast iron which was held to the ground by its own weight. But when he took the possession of the property, he found that none of the attachments that he thought was included in the property were there. Relevant rules and procedures: A transfer of property is made valid only when there is a transfer of possession from one person to another as defined by the law in the transfer of property act. A moveable property can be transferred from one place to another whereas in case of an immoveable property it cannot be transferred from one person to another causing loss to the property relying on the nature of the property. As per law, immoveable property includes things attached to the land or earth. As in the case of Marshall vs. Green, according to the mentioned case, which deals with the judgment whether the trees that are attached to the ground is a moveable or immoveable property. The judgment thus given was that, if the intention of the seller was to cut the tree in the property and remove it on a given time, then the tree will be treated as a moveable property, whereas if the tree is kept and is grown to produce fruits then it will be treated as an immoveable property as it would then seek nourishment from the la nd. Thus things which are attached to the earth or land are immoveable property. Application: As the judgment to the William Brown vs. Nikki Robert case suggests, a tree in a property is a movable property if it is cut off within a given period of time but will become an immovable property as soon as it is kept for growing fruits and providing shelter. As per the case given in the question, Frank was entitled to get the things which were attached to the ground or land or to the earth along with the property which he had bought from The Works which was a small derelict engineering factory. It had a few attachments fixed alongside the property. Amongst which there was an antique light bracket which hung from a bracket which was fitted with a dozen of screws along with a pile of steel rod which was kept in the storeroom were completely movable properties, and thus Frank was not entitled to get the movable properties that he found in the property while viewing it. On the contrary, Frank was entitled to get the things which were attached to the land like the furnace which was made up of stone, cast iron and steel that was attached to the land. But as Frank gained the possession of the said property, he found that all the things that he found while viewing the particular property were missing which he thought to be included in the valuat ion of the property. In the case of Michale Johnson vs. Mathew Parker it was held that Johnson had bought the property from Parker in which there was a tree which grew in the middle of the property and it was not cut down by the seller of the property within the given time, henceforth the tree was remained attached to the ground and as the possession of the property was transferred, to the buyer that is, Mathew got the possession of the property. Similarly, considering the fact of the above mentioned case Frank could seek the properties attached to the land that is the furnace which was made up of stone, steel and cast iron which was held to the floor by its own weight. The rest things which Frank saw in the property while viewing it were not attached to the ground and were thus he was not entitled to get possession to those items. Frank could have got the possession to those items had it been written in the contract between the parties. Conclusion: Thus concluding from the above-mentioned cases and their judgments, Frank was entitled to get the possession of the property along with the furnace which was made up of stone, steel and cast iron and which was held to the floor by its own weight. Therefore, had he not got the possession to that particular furnace he could file a petition against The Works, a small derelict engineering factory who sold him the said property which he had bought for setting up his studio. Frank could thus be entitled to get the possession of the property and the items embedded to the land of the said property, but not the items that were not embedded to the land of the property. Refernce List: Agunbiade, M. E., A. Rajabifard, and R. Bennett. "Inter-agency land administration in Australia: what scope for integrating policies, processes and data infrastructures for housing production?."Journal of Spatial Science59.1 (2014): 121-136. Alemie, Berhanu Kefale, Rohan Mark Bennett, and Jaap Zevenbergen. "Evolving urban cadastres in Ethiopia: The impacts on urban land governance."Land Use Policy42 (2015): 695-705. Bennett, Rohan, et al. "On recognizing land administration as critical, public good infrastructure."Land Use Policy30.1 (2013): 84-93. Bennett, Rohan, et al. "The pastoralists parcel: towards better land tenure recognition and climate change response in Kenyas dry lands."FIG Working Week. 2013. Bhandar, Brenna. "by Registration: Instituting Modern Property Law and Creating Racial Value in the Settler Colony."Journal of Law and Society42.2 (2015): 253-282. Carruthers P, Tangled Web Indeed: The English Land Registration Act and Comparisons with the Australian Torrens System, (A UNSWLJ38 2015). Davies C, Conquered, ceded or settled?: the legal history of customary land title in Australia and Wales (2013). Fitzsimons, James A., and C. Ben Carr. "Conservation Covenants on Private Land: Issues with Measuring and Achieving Biodiversity Outcomes in Australia."Environmental management54.3 (2014): 606-616. Furuholt, Bjorn, Fathul Wahid, and Oystein Saebo. "Land Information Systems for Development (LIS4D): A Neglected Area within ICT4D Research?."System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2015. Haldrup, Karin, and Erik Stubkjr. "Indicator scarcity on cadastre and land registration in cross-country information sources."Land Use Policy30.1 (2013): 652-664. Home R and Hilary L,Demystifying the Mystery of Capital: Land Tenure Poverty in Africa and the Caribbean. (Routledge, 2013). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Juergensmeyer, Julian C., and Thomas E. Roberts. Land Use Planning Development Regulation Law (2013). Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271 (9 July 2001). Lees, Emma. "by Registration: Rectification, Indemnity and Mistake and the Land Registration Act 2002."The Modern Law Review76.1 (2013): 62-82. Li, Ming, et al. "The development of cadastral domain model oriented at unified real estate registration of china based on ontology."ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences1 (2012): 209-215. Raff, Murray. "Characteristics of the International Model of Land Title Registration Illuminated by Comparative Study of the German and Torrens Systems."European Property Law Journal1.1 (2012): 54-123. Rajabifard, Abbas, S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH, and IAN WILLIAMSON. "Land and property information in 3D." (2012). Rockson, Georgina, Rohan Bennett, and Liza Groenendijk. "Land administration for food security: A research synthesis."Land Use Policy32 (2013): 337-342. SHOJAEI, DAVOOD, et al. "Development of a 3D ePlan/LandXML visualisation system in Australia." (2012). Shojei D et.al, Development of a 3D ePlan/LandXML visualisation system in Australia (2012). Simmons S, The structure of academic surveying and spatial science programs in Australia and New Zealand as an educational pathway to land surveyor registration (Azimuth 2012). Sinha, Priyakant, and Lalit Kumar. "Binary images in seasonal land-cover change identification: a comparative study in parts of New South Wales, Australia."International journal of remote sensing34.6 (2013): 2162-2186. Wensing Ed et.al, Conflicting worldviews: disjuncture between climate change knowledge, land use planning and disaster resilience in remote Indigenous communities in northern Australia (2014). Zulkifli, Nur Amalina, A. Abdul Rahman, and P. van Oosterom. "Developing 2D and 3D Cadastral Registration System based on LADM: illustrated with Malaysian Cases."Proceedings of the 5 th FIG Land Administration Domain Model Workshop. 2013. Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271, 9 July 2001 Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271, 9 July 2001 Agunbiade, M. E., A. Rajabifard, and R. Bennett. "Inter-agency land administration in Australia: what scope for integrating policies, processes and data infrastructures for housing production?."Journal of Spatial Science59.1 (2014): 121-136 Juan Carlos Abella v. Argentina, Case 11.137, Report N 55 Furuholt, Bjorn, Fathul Wahid, and Oystein Saebo. "Land Information Systems for Development (LIS4D): A Neglected Area within ICT4D Research?."System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2015. Furuholt, Bjorn, Fathul Wahid, and Oystein Saebo. "Land Information Systems for Development (LIS4D): A Neglected Area within ICT4D Research?."System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2015. Agunbiade, M. E., A. Rajabifard, and R. Bennett. "Inter-agency land administration in Australia: what scope for integrating policies, processes and data infrastructures for housing production?."Journal of Spatial Science59.1 (2014): 121-136 Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271 (9 July 2001). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271 (9 July 2001). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century: A Conveyancing Revolution, Law Commission Report No 271 (9 July 2001). Carruthers P, Tangled Web Indeed: The English Land Registration Act and Comparisons with the Australian Torrens System, (A UNSWLJ38 2015). Carruthers P, Tangled Web Indeed: The English Land Registration Act and Comparisons with the Australian Torrens System, (A UNSWLJ38 2015). Carruthers P, Tangled Web Indeed: The English Land Registration Act and Comparisons with the Australian Torrens System, (A UNSWLJ38 2015). Carruthers P, Tangled Web Indeed: The English Land Registration Act and Comparisons with the Australian Torrens System, (A UNSWLJ38 2015). Land Registry report,Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century(2001). Land Registry report,Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century(2001). Fitzwilliam v RichallHoldingsServices Ltd Swift 1st Ltd v Chief Land Registrar[2014] All ER (D) 12 (Feb) Strand Securities Ltd -v- Caswell; CA 2 Feb 1965. Land Registry report,Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century(2001). Haldrup, Karin, and Erik Stubkjr. "Indicator scarcity on cadastre and land registration in cross-country information sources."Land Use Policy30.1 (2013): 652-664. Haldrup, Karin, and Erik Stubkjr. "Indicator scarcity on cadastre and land registration in cross-country information sources."Land Use Policy30.1 (2013): 652-664. Strand Securities Ltd -v- Caswell; CA 2 Feb 1965. Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Marshall v. Green, No. 3:2010cv00224 Jazayeri, Ida, Abbas Rajabifard, and S. A. E. I. D. KALANTARI SOLTANIEH. "3D data sourcing for land and property information: a geometric and semantic perspective." (2013). Bhandar, Brenna. "by Registration: Instituting Modern Property Law and Creating Racial Value in the Settler Colony."Journal of Law and Society42.2 (2015): 253-282. Bhandar, Brenna. "by Registration: Instituting Modern Property Law and Creating Racial Value in the Settler Colony."Journal of Law and Society42.2 (2015): 253-282. Agunbiade, M. E., A. Rajabifard, and R. Bennett. "Inter-agency land administration in Australia: what scope for integrating policies, processes and data infrastructures for housing production?."Journal of Spatial Science59.1 (2014): 121-136. Agunbiade, M. E., A. Rajabifard, and R. Bennett. "Inter-agency land administration in Australia: what scope for integrating policies, processes and data infrastructures for housing production?."Journal of Spatial Science59.1 (2014): 121-136.

Alferis words Essay Example

Alferis words Essay Example Alferis words Paper Alferis words Paper Eddie feels he is forced to ring the immigration bureau and all this because of jealousy. His jealousy built up as Catherine became more independent and mature. He realized she was slipping away from his grasp and dislikes it.Eddies own words were,  You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word you gave away.  Eddie betrayed his own beliefs, and lost the respect of the whole community and his honor because of jealousy Eddie, who ignored Alferis words of warning, You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie! Even those who understand will turn against you,  And all this because of the protectiveness and jealousy he didnt want to watch Catherine marrying.  Alfieri is one of the characters that is aware of Eddies motives behind his actions. Eddie visits Alfieri twice during the play once at the end of act one when Eddie is beginning to see that Catherine is in love with Rodolpho and Eddies jealousy is beginning to climax and also at the beginning of act two when Eddies has had enough and his heart tells him to do the wrong thing. Eddie you mean to tell me that theres no law that a guy which he aint right can go to work and marry a girl and ?  Eddie is speaking to Alfieri and you see that Eddies jealousy is greater than ever. Hes telling Alfieri that Rodolpho aint right implying that hes gay. Eddie is trying to find anything that will be able to stop the marriage between his Catherine and Rodolpho.  Alfieri is aware of why Eddie is visiting him. Alfieri sees that his love for his niece is greater than his love for his wife and Eddies jealousy for Rodolpho has forced Eddie to visit Alfieri to find a law that would stop the marriage. Alfieri But, Eddie, shes a woman now  Eddie Hes stealing from me!  Alfieri She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you, can she?  Alfieri sees that Eddie looks at Catherine as more than just a niece. Eddie says Hes stealing from me implying that Catherine is his but Alfieri then says that  she cant marry you, can she so here you know that Alfieri is aware of Eddies love for his niece and he sees that sooner or later Eddie was going to do something very stupid because of his love and jealousy towards Catherine and Rodolphos relationship.  In Eddies second visit to Alfieri Eddie tries to dig deeper to find something that would stop the marriage. Alfieris last words to Eddie were. Alfieri When the law is wrong its because its unnatural, but in this case it is natural and a river will drown you if you buck it now. Let her go. And bless her.Somebody had to come for her Eddie sooner or later. You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie ! Even those who understand will turn against you, even the ones who feel the same will despite you!  Alfieri sees what Eddie is going to resort too and by saying you wont have a friend in the world hes trying to worn him off ringing the immigration bureau but Eddies love for his niece tells him to do the wrong thing. Beatrice was also one of the characters that were aware of his true feelings behind his motives but she gave the impression of being scared to say anything. Beatrice is seen as a timid person and wouldnt confront Eddie as he dominates her decisions and in a way scares her. Beatrice leaves the situation to begin with but as Eddie persists to be overprotective and begins interfering with Catherine and Rodolphos relationship she tries to make Catherine aware of Eddies motives behind his actions. We see a long duologue between Eddie and Beatrice that makes us realize that Beatrice is aware of Eddies motives when Eddie becomes agitated when Catherine is out,  When he aint working. He aint supposed to go advertising himself.  We know Catherine and Rodolpo have been dating for two weeks and are at the pictures when the scene opens. It is clear Eddies concern has grown; he pretends he is worried for Rodolphos safety, although it is obvious he is only becoming agitated at the thought of them being together out of his sight. Beatrice senses his distrust and jealousy,  (Smiling) Ah, go on, youre just jealous.  However, she keeps her feelings safe by presenting her thoughts almost as a joke and ignoring the fact she sees that Eddie loves Catherine really.  She trys to make Catherine aware of his feelings for her but Catherine is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and disillusioned by what Beatrice is trying to tell her.  But if you act like a baby hell b treatin you like a baby. Like when he comes home sometimes you throw yourself at him like when you was twelve years old  Beatrice is trying to tell Catherine that shes acting flirtatious round him and shes doing the wrong thing seen as though shes nearly a grown woman. Beatrice Sit down honey, I wanna tell you something. Here sit down. Was there ever any fella he liked for you? There wasnt was there?  Catherine But he says Rodolpho just after his papers  Beatrice Hell say anything. What does he care what he says? If it was a prince came here for you it would be no different. You know that dont you  Beatrice is subtlety trying to tell her that Eddie doesnt want to loose her and his jealousy wont let her go. Also by saying if it was a prince that came here for you it would be no different shes trying to tell Catherine that he has an attraction for her and that there will never be a man good enough for his Catherine.  Catherine is Eddie Madonna meaning he worships her and loves her. In his eyes he cant let her go but Catherine cant understand why.  Eddies jealousy then has a detrimental effect on Beatrice and Eddies relationship.  Eddies love for his niece Catherine interferes with their relationship. Beatrice feels as though she is second best to her own niece. Eddies jealousy has taken over their marriage. When am I going to be a wife again?  I aint been feeling good. They bother me since they came  In her desperate search to be accepted she even blames herself. From the start we saw how Eddie was in charge of the relationship, but now Beatrice is angered by his lack of attention  Eddie I want you to cut it out, right now, you hear me.  In Beatrices frustration she has stood up to him. The blatant accusing only frustrates and complicates Eddies thoughts, and it becomes clear their relationship is starting to break up. This is just from Eddies anger and jealousy toward Catherine and Rodolpho, not only is his marriage breaking apart but his relationship with Catherine is too. Eddie uses the excuse to cover up the fact he has more love for Catherine than Beatrice and Beatrice feels as though its pushing them further apart and is very fed up of not being loved because of Eddies jealousy.  Irony is a very important part to the play A View from the Bridge and also makes Eddies jealousy noticeable.  When Eddie warns Catherine and Beatrice that they must never discuss the submarine it is a strong example of prophetic irony because it foretells how Eddie will make his major error in judgment when he betrays Marco and Rodolpho along with the Lipari Cousins. Eddies humiliated and publicly accused by Marco. Just remember kid you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word you gave away  This is the warning Eddie gave to Beatrice and Catherine telling them not to mention anything about Rodolpho and Marco to anyone but in the end it was Eddie who went against his own words.  Alfieri was another person who also warned Eddie from doing the wrong thing  you wont have a friend in the world Eddie  But Eddie still doesnt listen to his warning and in the end turns into tragedy in Eddies death. In a view from the bridge Eddie realizes when its too late and hes dying that Beatrice love him and he loves Beatrice. He realizes that it was impossible to keep Catherine as he had tried and it was inevitable that one day he would have to let her go.  Eddies secret desire for Catherine is also incorporated in his self interest because all he could think of was himself and he didnt look at how happy Catherine and Rodolpho were, all he cared about was jealousy an trying to break them up by phoning the immigration bureau but all this caused was Catherine and himself to grow apart and for Catherine to finally see what type of a man he really was.  Eddie jealousy leads to the huge tragedy at the end. Instead of putting his feelings aside for Catherine he left them grow until his outburst of jealousy turned into tragedy and in the end he realizes what a terrible mistake he has made.

Start Writing that Essay and See It to Completion!

Start Writing that Essay and See It to Completion! Start Writing that Essay and See It to Completion! Writing skills are a necessity in school and most people’s everyday life. If you worry about writing, have a tendency to procrastinate, or are fearful about the assignment, here are some tips to help you start writing a strong essay and finish it by deadline. #1 Set a STRICT final deadline. Deadlines are important because they compel a writer to get the work in small chunks, within a manageable time frame. If you find that you have difficulty holding yourself accountable, set computer calendar reminders and ask a friend, parent, or someone else to remind you of your goals. Set extra reminders as the final due date approaches. #2 Set a daily quota. This will help you reach your deadline and (as mentioned in item #1) break the writing task into easier, more manageable tasks. #3 Write every day. Writing every day will help you develop the habit of thinking I get to write today, instead of â€Å"I have to write today.† (And, if that mental shift doesn’t happen, at least it will be a routine that compels you to get the job done.) #4 Shut off electronic devices and find a place to write comfortably. Rid yourself of all distractions which and become more focused on writing an essay that will catches the readers attention. #5 Visualize the finished piece. Be specific in your thought process and visualize exactly what your perfect essay can (and will) look like. Have your essays proofread by someone qualified to give appropriate feedback and edits. Our team of writing professionals at are ready to assist you. Talk to us at 1-800-573-0840.

Why the citizens of Turkey are against the government Speech or Presentation

Why the citizens of Turkey are against the government - Speech or Presentation Example However, when I saw what was happening to the protestors at the unrestrained hands of the police was shocking and tells me that we are not as free as we would like to think. It is hard to believe that it all started over a bunch of trees. Specifically the trees at the Taksim Square in the historic Gezi Park located in central Istanbul was all that was on the minds of the protestors as they made their way to the park on May 28, 2013 ( Franklin 1). It verifies for me that saying one is a democracy does not necessarily mean that you are living in one. I was going to join them. I am young, healthy, concerned citizen who believes that the trees in this historic environment are worth saving; we do not need another shopping center (Ozdil* 1). I was on my way to the park, when I heard something most people would not expect to hear. The police were firing tear gas and employing fire hoses to forcibly remove the protestors (Tibet). They just washed them away like they were nothing. We as peopl e were nothing in the eyes of law enforcement. They were just an inconvenience. This is not how you gain the trust and confidence of those who hope to lead. When law enforcement physically attacks peaceful protestors you know that hopes of a true democracy are still very far away. The next day more protestors came, until they reached, nearly, 1000 people strong.

95 Theses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

95 Theses - Essay Example The corrupt practice of selling indulgences meant that salvation is in the hands of religious figure, which Luther completely defied in 95 these. He believed that the core idea of Christianity was to follow God’s commands so to gain his grace and this qusai practice enabled the poor or rich sinners to purchase salvation through Church issued bonds instead of seeking repentance from God (Iclnet.org, 2014). 95 theses contained a list of question for the religious authorities in a humble and academic manner, which does not contain direct criticism, but a recap of preaching of the religion itself. Luther focused on the fact that God seeks obedience from his creation if faith is not shown through the action of believer; he is not obedient at all and neither faithful to his creator. Thus, faith and deeds go hand in hand for the sake of salvation, which is only granted by God and none other authority of the world (6). In the middle ages, Catholic Church practiced the idea that through good deeds salvation can be traded, but this also required God’s will and grace. In 1517, the construction of Basilica of St. Peter inau gurated the trade of indulge purchasing practice. The aim was to raise funds for the construction, but the method adopted for it was highly controversial and faith twisting. Thus, Luther urged the Pope to invest his personal money in the construction instead of issuing these illegal and meaningless bonds to fool innocent believers. In the theses 20, he elaborates that the pope has no power or authority to eradicate any penalty imposed by the God, but the only penalty he can wave off is either imposed by him or the Church. Hereafter by no means is in his hands or in the power of any other mortal authority as the final judgment rests in God’s hands. Selling of indulgences meant that there is no liability of wrong actions on the person himself instead he can buy the indulgence bond

Racial hostility within the media Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Racial hostility within the media - Dissertation Example Various researchers have pointed out that media has played an important role in terms of shaping the perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of people towards members of minority groups. In the United States of America, it was perceived that the media played a significant role in emphasizing the historical oppression and oppression of the African-Americans in relation to their White counterparts. In view of the same, researchers showed that the White Americans tend to have a complete lack of understanding towards the African-Americans. It is in this particular context that the researcher looked into the experiences of Michelle Obama during her husband’s presidential campaign in 2008. ... gainst a white oppressor† Generally, the racist comments were caused by the fact that Americans are not used to the fact that a Black Woman would take her place as the country’s first lady. Respondents in this particular study noted that the country is yet to be accustomed to such fact, thus they was not willing to accept Michelle Obama, thus the racist comments. Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study The media is known to be a very powerful institution that has been established within a democratic community. It aims to transmit and communicate cultural ideas, images, myths, and sequences of events (Nairn, Pega, McCreanor, Rankine, and Barnes 2006). Media discourse remains to be a significant means of reproducing shared beliefs and fundamental values of the society. Hence, the media plays a relevant role for exchanging opinions, knowledge, and information. The media, per se, have become a major instrument with which countries can establish and publicize its ideal s as they are expected to express a wide range of viewpoints, remain as objective and neutral as possible, and provide access to various groups, regardless of gender, racial background, religion, social class, and sexual orientation, to name a few (Wetherell and Potter 1992). Print and electronic media has made a significant impact on the daily lives of communities and its members as the television, radio, and print media, among other types of media, present the components out of which individuals can establish identities and make sense of themselves (e.g. meaning of one’s own gender, ethnicity, and national identity). Moreover, it enables the society to differentiate and understanding what it means to be â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† (McQuail 2000). At present, although the media is expected to reflect

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Euthanasia has been a controversial issue for a very long time. The ancient Romans and Greeks supported euthanasia after the interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath that was written around 400 B.C. They believed that the persons life should not be preserved if this person has no interest in life. Hence, voluntary euthanasia was not banned in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. However, committing Suicide as well as helping others to commit suicide was considered as a criminal act by the English jurisdiction during the 1300s. Euthanasia faced the first direct law against it in New York at the 1828 which was known as the Anti-Euthanasia law. Euthanasia like Abortion had become a major issue for debating in the following decades until the recent days .(Sandhyarani, 2001). Nowadays, all dictionaries and references define euthanasia as mercy killing of patients in severe incurable pain. Oxford dictionary for example, has defined euthanasia as: the painless killing of a patient suffe ring from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. The way these definitions were defined came from the origin of the word Euthanasia, where Euthanasia is a Greek word came from the 17th century to combine two words, Eu which means well and easy and Thanatos meaning death.(Oxford dictionary, 2010). Euthanasia nowadays can be categorized into many different forms and types, the first and most common one is the active voluntary euthanasia where the patient is mercifully killed with his own will and request, its also known as the assisted suicide. Other different form is known as the involuntary passive euthanasia that let the patients die without their own request, this kind is known for patients who are in comas or unable to talk or communicate with others.(BBC, 2009). With the current debates and developments in the world, euthanasia is being discussed globally, legalized in some countries and still discussed in others. Netherland was the first country in the world to legalize Euthanasia in 2002, followed by Belgium at the end of 2002 and some parts in the United States of America. Switzerland on the other hand allows the physician assisted suicide in special cases but the euthanasia is still not legal in this country. What must be known about the laws of these countries is that they are strictly standardized for euthanasia as euthanasia is being applied only to specific kinds of patients. Euthanasia is indeed one of the most controversial issues to date. Taking both sides, supporting and opposing euthanasia in the society, doctors and governments into considerations, the main question now centers on whether Euthanasia is the right act to consider on the cases with no cure and whether euthanasia should be legalized. The process of painlessly helping a terminally ill person to die should be legalized as its a merciful act that offers dignity and compassion at lifes cruel end. People who are euthanized are going to die anyway. However, by legalizing euthanasia, they can be saved from suffering terrible pain.(Friedman, 2010) Therefore, governments should not stand in the way of letting severely ill people with no chances in getting cured to end their lives legally by Euthanasia. The following research project will hereby focus on the reasons why euthanasia should be legalized, what we can prevent and gain by legalizing euthanasia, effects of euthanasia and its future. The time frame used in this research project is from 2000 till date, the research is showing the latest ideas and arguments presented in the world where euthanasia is still developing and arguments involved in this issue are leaning more towards legalizing euthanasia day after day. 2.0 Body of Content 2.1 Euthanasia is a Freedom of Choice: Just as I shall select my ship when I am about to go on a voyage, or my house when I propose to take a residence, so I shall choose my death when I am about to depart from life. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Roman Stoic Philosopher, orator and statesman) Every person was born free and has the right to die free with his own will. Moreover, dignified death is one of the fundamental rights people are supposed to have as being part and parcel of the fundamental rights to life. According to the Daily Telegraph (2008), Chantal Sebire was a French woman diagnosed with a rare type of cancer (a malignant neoplasm of the nasal vault) in 2002, her tumor developed and reached a point where it cannot be stopped or cured, it made sever deformities in Sebires face taking away the senses of smelling, tasting and eventually sight from her. Moreover, Sebire was suffering from horrible pain; she said a normal human would not allow an animal to go through. She appealed to the French court asking for a permission to have an assisted suicide as she could not bear the pain anymore. However, her appeal was rejected as euthanasia is not legal in France. Two days later Chantal Sebire was found dead as she committed suicide in her house after her appeal was re jected. It can be seen from that case that this way of crossing into death was unfair as it was more scary and painful experience than a regulated euthanasia. In Sebires case as well as other similar cases where cure is not found for patients, patients are going through horrible pain and they are going to die anyway, governments should not stand in the way of those severely ill people with no cure or treatment to end their lives legally by assisted suicide. Therefore, the life of those patients is their choice and they have the right to continue living or die peacefully. The pursuit of happiness is the pursuit of relief from pain and suffering. (Cockeram, 2007). By having the superior power in keeping the lives of patients with no chance in getting well or having cure is not giving them relief or even happiness, it is like holding their lives, watching them suffer at the last moments of their lives and locking them in a life they are not having since they have lost their senses, feelings or even conscious. Opponents of euthanasia argue that euthanasia is a cruel act and a human enforcement to end other people lives without their permission. Lozano mentioned that the Vatican believes that ending lives of severely ill people even the premature babies who are gravely ill by euthanasia is an illicit act as well as act of cruelty. (CNA, 2006). Therefore, opponents believe that euthanasia would violate the Gods gift of life and enforce in ending lives of people who are not able to communicate with others. However, according to the article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5 adds No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. If no one shall be subjected to torture, then why do we have to watch them suffer? (Euthanasia UK, 2007). Most of the people who choose euthanasia are those patients who suffer from diseases that cause a lot of pain and cannot be treated. If those patients choose not to bear the pain, they should have the right to do so. (Bose, 2011). It is the right of those patients with no cure to choose their own life and death. Other kind of brain dead patients who are in irreversible coma and cannot communicate have no chances in getting back to life or even getting well as in most cases their brains are damaged, it is in their favor as well as other patients favors with chances in getting cured to be euthanized, providing them with the mercy killing doesnt mean it is a cruel act against their will but it is ending their suffer, releasing their locked souls in no life and lowering the expenses their parents or relatives have to pay for hospitals only for keeping them alive but unconscious through machines. Euthanizing such patients can be by shortening the amount of oxygen or food given to them through machines and tubes. Therefore, euthanasia should not be considered as a cruel act but an act of mercy that gives patients and even their parents the right to choose life or death at the time of suffer and inevitable death.

Solving HealthCare’s eMail Security Problem Essay -- essays research p

Solving HealthCare’s eMail Security Problem Abstract While healthcare organizations have come to depend heavily on electronic mail, they do so without a significant email security infrastructure. New Federal law and regulation place new obligations on the organizations to either secure their email systems or drastically restrict their use. This paper discusses email security in a healthcare context. The paper considers and recommends solutions to the healthcare organization’s problem in securing its mail. Because email encryption will soon be a categorical requirement for healthcare organizations, email encryption is discussed in some detail. The paper describes details and benefits of domain level encryption model and considers how PKI is best deployed to support secure electronic mail. Motivation It is a simple fact that the US healthcare industry has come to depend heavily on electronic mail to support treatment, payment and general healthcare operations. Such use, though, is something of a badly kept secret as most healthcare organizations have explicit policy which either prohibits or seriously restricts the use of electronic mail for the transmission of any ‘patient identifiable’ health information. Historically, the industry has deemed patient identifiable health information as deserving of special protection, since, by its very nature, such information is highly confidential. Accepting the ‘inherent insecurity’ of electronic mail, healthcare organizations have done little to develop security infrastructure supporting use of electronic mail for confidential communication and instead adopted policies forbidding such use. It speaks to the utility of electronic mail, that even in spite of such policy, as much as 40% of all electronic mail emanating from healthcare organizations contains health information. A very small percentage of this email is encrypted or otherwise protected to ensure its confidentiality and authenticity. Federal law will prohibit future ‘unsecured’ use of electronic mail for transmission of health information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (a.k.a. Public Law 104-191; a.k.a. HIPAA) obligates healthcare organizations to implement ‘reasonable and appropriate’ technical safeguards to ensure that the confidentiality and integrity of health information is preserved. While ‘reasonable and appropriate’ i... ...tration, â€Å"45 CFR Part 142 - Health Insurance Reform: Security and Electronic Signature Standards† Federal Register Vol 63, No. 155 August 12, 1998 (1998): 43242-43280. URL: http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/nprm/secnprm.pdf 11. Partner, Chris and Glaser, John â€Å"Myths about Healthcare IT Spending† Healthcare Informatics, July 2002 URL: http://www.healthcare- informatics.com/issues/2002/07_02/myths.htm 12. Perigee.net Corporation , â€Å"Perigee.net (Home Page)† URL: http://www .perigee.net/main.html 13. Ramsdell, Blake â€Å"S/MIME Version 3.1 Message Specification - draft-ietf-smimerfc2633bis- 03.txt January 16, 2003 URL: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-smime-rfc2633bis-03.txt 14. Dean, T and Ottaway, W. â€Å"RFC 3182 - Domain Security Services using S/MIME†. October, 2001. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3183.txt?number=3183 15. United States Code, Title 18, Part I, Chapter 119, Section 2511† URL: http://www 4.law .cornell.edu/uscode/18/2511.html 16. Whitten, Alma and Tygar, J.D. â€Å"Why Johnny Can’t Encrypt:- A Usability Evaluation of PGP 5.0† Carneigie Mellon University School of Computer Science Technical Report CMU-CS 98-155. December, 1998 URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alma/johnny.pdf

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay

I have taken for my study one chapter from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the second chapter Norman Geras deals with the human nature and historical materialism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words, there is in fact a Marxist conception of human nature which remains, to some degree, constant throughout history and across social boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the basics for this interpretation of Marx according to which there was no eternal human nature to be found in his works. Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man human nature. But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is hence obliged: Human nature Thus, Marx appears to say that human nature is no more than what is made by the social relations. Norman Geras’ Marx’s Theory of Human Nature, however, offers an extremely detailed argument against this position. In outline, Geras shows that, while the social relations are held to determine the nature of people, they are not the only such determinant. In fact, Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is more than what is conditioned by the circumstances of one’s life. In Capital, in a footnote critiquing utilitarianism, he says that ’’utilitarian’s must reckon with human nature in general, and then with human nature as modified in each historical epoch. Marx is arguing against an abstract conception of human nature, offering instead an account rooted in sensuous life. While he is quite explicit that individuals express their life, so they are. Hence what individuals are depends on the material conditions of their production, he also believes that human nature will condition (against the background of the productive forces and relations of production) the way in which individuals express their life. History involves a continuous transformation of human nature, though this does not mean that every aspect of human nature is wholly variable; what is transformed need not be wholly transformed. Marx did criticize the tendency to ‘transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property, a process sometimes called reification. For this reason, he would likely have wanted to criticize certain aspects of some accounts of human nature. Human beings collectively work on nature but do not do the same work; there is a division of labor in which people not only do different jobs, but according to Marxist theory, some people live from the work of others by owning the means of production. How this is accomplished depends on the type of society. Production is carried out through very definite relations between people. And, in turn, these production relations are determined by the level and character of the productive forces that are present at any given time in history. For Marx, productive forces refer to the means of production such as the tools, instruments, technology, land, raw materials, and human knowledge and abilities in terms of using these means of production. Human nature, Marx’s ethical thought and alienation Gears says of Marx’s work that: Whatever else it is, theory and socio-historical explanation, and scientific as it may be, that work is a moral indictment resting on the conception of essential human needs, an ethical standpoint, in other words, in which a view of human nature is involved . Alienation, for Marx, is the estrangement of humans from aspects of their human nature. Since – as we have seen – human nature consists in a particular set of vital drives and tendencies, whose exercise constitutes flourishing; alienation is a condition wherein these drives and tendencies are stunted. For essential powers, alienation substitutes disempowerment for making one’s own life one’s object, one’s life becoming an object of capital. Marx believes that alienation will be a feature of all society before communism. The opposite of, alienation is actualization or self-activity- the activity of the self, controlled by and for the self. Human nature and the expansion of the productive forces It has been held by several writers that it is Marx’s conception of human nature which explains the ‘primacy thesis’ concerning the expansion of the productive forces, which according to Marx, is itself the fundamental driving force of history. If true, this would make his account of human nature perhaps the most fundamental aspect of his work. Geras writes, ‘‘historical materialism itself, this whole distinctive approach to society that originates with Marx, rests squarely upon the idea of a human nature. It highlights that specific nexus of universal needs and capacities which explains the human productive process and man’s organized transformation of the material environment; which process and transformation it treats in turn as the basis both of the social order and of historical change. The tendency’s autonomy is just its independence of social structure, its rootedness in fundamental material facts of human nature and the human situation. Historical progress consists fundamentally in the growth of people’s abilities to shape and control the world about them. This is the most basic way in which they develop and express their human essence. Historical materialism Historical materialism started from a fundamental underlying reality of human existence: that in order for human beings to survive and continue existence from generation to generation, it is necessary for them to produce and reproduce the material requirements of life. Marx then extended this premise by asserting the importance of the fact that, in order to carry out production and exchange, people have to enter into very definite social relations, most fundamentally production relations. Norman Geras analyzed historical materialism and postulated that society has moved through a number of types or modes of production. That is, the character of the production relations is determined by the character of the productive forces; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human existence, or the more developed machinery and technology of present age. The main modes of production Marx identified generally include primitive communism or tribal society (a prehistoric stage), ancient society, feudalism, and capitalism. In each of these social stages, people interact with nature and produce their living in different ways. Any surplus from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was based on a ruling class of slave owners and a class of slaves; feudalism was based on landowners and serfs; and capitalism based on the capitalist class and the working class. The capitalist class privately owns the means of production, distribution and exchange (e. g. , factories, mines, shops and banks) while the working class live by exchanging their socialized labor with the apitalist class for wages. Marx identified the production relations of society (arising on the basis of given productive forces) as the economic base of society. He also explained that on the foundation of the economic base their arise certain political institutions, laws, customs, culture, etc. , and ideas, ways of thinking, morality, etc. These constituted the political/ideological superstructure of society. This superstructure not only has its origin in the economic base, but its features also ultimately correspond to the character and development of that economic base, i. . the way people organize society is determined by the economic base and the relations that arise from its mode of production. Historical materialism can be seen to rest on the following principles: 1. The basis of human society is how humans work on nature to produce the means of subsistence. 2. There is a division of labor into social classes (relations of production) based on property ownership where some people live from the labor of others. 3. The system of class division is dependent on the mode of production. 4.  The mode of production is based on the level of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from stage to stage when the dominant class is replaced by a new emerging class, by overthrowing the political shell that enforces the old relations of production no longer corresponding to the new productive forces. This takes place in the superstructure of society, the political arena in the form of revolution, whereby the underclass liberates the productive forces with new relations of production, and social relations, corresponding to it. Human nature and historical materialism Marx’s theory of history attempts to describe the way in which humans change their environments and (in dialectical relation) their environments change them as well. That is Not only do the objective conditions change in the act of reproduction, e. g. the village becomes a town, the wilderness a cleared field etc. but the producers change, too, in that they bring out new qualities in themselves, develop themselves in production, transform themselves, develop new powers and ideas, new needs and new language. The first premise of all human history is, of course, the existence of living human individuals. Thus the first fact to be established is the physical organization of these individuals and their consequent relation to the rest of nature. Thus History does nothing, it possesses no immense wealth, and it wages no battles. It is man, real, living man who does all that, who possesses and fights; history is not, as it were, a person apart, using man as a means to achieve its own aims; history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims. So we can see that, even before we begin to consider the precise character of human nature, real, living humans, and the activity of man pursuing his aims is the very building block of Marx’s theory of history. Humans act upon the world, changing it and themselves; and in doing so they make history. But even beyond this, human nature plays two key roles. In the first place, it is part of the explanation for the growth of the productive forces, which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Secondly, the particular needs and drives of humans explain the class antagonism which is generated under capitalism. Conclusion and critical remarks Here I would like to say that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its conception of human nature and human good overlooks the need for self identity than which nothing is more essentially human. The consequence of this is held to be that Marx and his followers have underestimated the importance of phenomena, such as religion and nationalism, which satisfy the need for self identity. In the study of human nature and historical materialism, history is what is made by human beings and its nature. According to Marx human beings are working and changing the world, Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed not only by human beings but also through various elements. Historical materialism is caused by the production of things and there by arising social relationships. Here it implies that economy is the basic structure of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist approach, it is impossible to reduce the basic structure as economic relations alone.

Learn a Popular, Demanding French Idiom

Learn a Popular, Demanding French Idiom The French verb demander means to ask and is used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to apologize, ask for mercy, wonder and more with this list of expressions using  demander. Demander  is a regular -er verb and takes regular (classic) endings for its tenses.   One frequent mistake that English speakers make when using this verb is demander une question.  This construction doesnt exist in French. Instead, you would say poser une question. But someone can ask why:  Il ma demandà © pourquoi (He asked me why).  And you can ask someone for something:  Je vais demander un stylo Michel  (Im going to ask Michel for a pen). The Many Meanings of Demander to askto ask for, requestto apply forto require, needto send for Common French Expressions With Demander demander de laideto ask for help, assistance demander aide et assistanceto (formally) request aiddemander parler quelquunto ask to speak to someonedemander quelquun de infinitiveto ask someone to do somethingdemander voir quelquunto ask to see someonedemander le divorceto apply for divorcedemander grà ¢ceto ask for mercydemander limpossibleto ask for the impossibledemander la luneto ask for the moondemander pardon quelquunto apologize to someonedemander la paroleto ask for permission to speakdemander une permission (military)to request leavedemander la permission de infinitiveto ask for permission to infinitivedemander une questiondemander un service / une faveur quelquunto ask a favor of someonese demanderto wonder, to ask oneselfse demander bien pourquoito not be able to figure out why; to ask yourself whyCela ne se demande pas  !Thats a stupid question!Il est parti sans demander son reste.He left without a murmur.Que demande le peuple  ?What more could you ask for?Je ne demande qu vous voir.All I ask is to see you. Je ne demande pas mieux que infinitiveI ask for nothing more than to infinitiveune demanderequest, claim, applicationun demandeurplaintiff, petitioner, callerdemandà © (adj)in demand, sought after

The Hockey Game

The Hockey Game Free Online Research Papers There is only 10 minutes left of the game the score is 2-0 their way. We have to do something, and fast, if we have any hope of making it through the game and into the grand final. Glancing around the field at my exhausted teammates it seems as though we were on our last legs, but then, so were they. If we could just get a couple of more goals, we would be back in the game. Anticipation tingles through my leaden legs as a yellow and black player races towards me, pushing a small, white ball in front of her. The grass crushes under my feet as I run forward to meet her. Nothing matters anymore except the ball, and the brown haired girl with the ball. As she comes closer my mind races, what will she do? Will she dribble around me? What will happen if she hits it at me? What if I don’t jump fast enough? I hesitate for a second. Then I charge forward. The ball hits my hockey stick with a thud that sends vibrations up my arms. A brief struggle occurs as everyone gathers around us. The ball rolls between us and this time I don’t hesitate. Relief washes over me as the ball shoots back the other end. Safe again. My legs ache as I go back to my position. On the sidelines, there is black and yellow everywhere, but not much red and white. Gathered on the red and white side are my family, and all my teammate’s families, and no cheering on their part can match what is coming from the yellow and black side. I just hope that we can do better on the field than what they are doing on the sidelines. A roar fills the air. Down at the far end of the field Donnybrook players surround one of my teammates, giving him high fives before running back to the centre line. The other goalie looks into the air as if to say, â€Å"How could this happen to me?† The score is now 2-1 and there can’t be much longer left in the game. My heart races as the ball flies back down my end again. This time I’m not quite fast enough and the ball shoots past my reverse side. My heart beats faster. The only thing between the Springston player and the goals is the goalie. Guilt and frustration slow my movements. If only I was just a bit faster and hadn’t let the ball through. The ground beneath me vibrates with a loud thud. My head swings around to see our goalie lying on the ground in front of the goals, on top of the ball. The sound of a whistle pierces the air as the umpire calls a short corner. There are five of us behind the base line, the goalie, me and three other players. Around the goal circle Springston players surround us. The whistle shrieks a second time and my teammates dash forwards to meet the ball. I hang back, partly to defend the goals but mostly because of the terror rushing through my head. My mind rushes back to the short corner just a few games ago, when the ball hit me on the knee. The memory of that incident almost paralyses me with fear but my head knows that is in more danger standing there than running towards the ball, even if my heart doesn’t. I have an overwhelming sense of vulnerability with only shin guards, a mouth guard and a hockey stick to protect me as one of the players smash the ball at the goals behind me. My legs spring into action as I jump in the air while still keeping my stick on the ground. The stick resonates with a satisfying thud as the ball rebounds off it and is hit out of the circle by one of the Donnybrook players. Almost immediately afterwards, the whistle blows. Full time. Confusion reigns and no one knows what to do. The scores are even but there has to be a winner to go into the grand final. The umpire comes over to announce, â€Å"There will be 14 minutes of extra time, seven minutes each way, no break in between. First goal wins.† I take my place in front of the goals and wait for the game to start again. The ball is hit down my end. No sooner than I manage to hit it out, it comes racing back towards me. The rest of the game is played much like a game of ping-pong, with the ball flying back and forth, but no one is able to get a point. The whistle sounds for half time. My throat is crying out for water but I can do nothing about it since we are not allowed to have a drinks break. I trudge over to the other side, hoping we can hold out for another seven minutes. The game starts again and still no one can get the upper hand. At one stage, the ball went into the goals down my end but the player was outside of the circle so it doesn’t count. After that shot my team forced the ball down the other end, but still no goal. The game continues without any actual goals scored until the whistle blows for full time. Again. I move off to go shake hands with the other players, unsure what happens next since the game still ended a draw. Seeing the look of disappointment on my teammate’s faces and relief from the opposition, I could only guess. Even though it was a draw, the other team won because they were higher on the ladder. Research Papers on The Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtLifes What IfsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Examining Local Solutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Examining Local Solutions - Research Paper Example In regard to Toronto city, these sites are considered to be the contaminated sites, which appear to be so because of previous land-use activities, which among other things involves, waste disposal and manufacturing (Adkin 65). This problem has been extensive in Toronto due to gradual, but steady increase of industries in the urban center. Due to this fact, there have been efforts to transfer industries in the outcasts of the city. As a result, there have been vacant industry sites, which poses a great threat to environmental and health hazards to city dwellers. In light with these deliberations, it is apparent that the effort to develop the brown fields in Toronto is for the good course of solving some underlying problems associated wit h these sites. Some of these sites risks safety of people living around these areas. For example, it is obvious that some of these sites contain empty or uncovered construction grounds, which poses a risk of people being hurt as they pass by these sit es. The most at risk are children who are fond of playing in such grounds. Due to constructions that took place before the sites have been vacated, it is apparent that such constructions interferes with landscapes. This may cause soil erosion, and which consequently may lead to formation of gullies and eventually land slides (Todd 28). Abandoned sites also pose a threat of health hazards to people leaving in the neighborhood. For example, these sites may contain bushy grounds, which can attract hiding sites for mosquitoes. The sites may also contain grounds that act as mosquito breeding grounds. Mosquitoes cause malaria, which a fatal disease. It is also argued that people tend to stigmatize such sites. They consider them unpleasant for human beings, thus stigmatizing them. However, if these sites can effectively be developed, they can benefit both the government and people living around these areas. For example, if there could be measures to rehabilitate or develop these sites, the government can earn some revenue from them (Tomalty Para 6). Some of the ways through which government can develop these sites is through constructing social amenities, which can help improve the lives of the city dwellers. The government can also set up various government offices which can be used to facilitate government operation within the city. This would reduce congestion of some offices in the city, this enhancement of service delivery to the citizens. The private sector can also be allowed to develop these sites. This can allow the government to collect taxes from such developments, thus earning some revenue (Melissa and Erica Para 3). Additionally or alternatively, these sites can be put under greening programs. This involves planting of trees and other vegetation which help preserve the environment. Since the city is filled with much of carbon emissions mostly emanating from automobile, making such sites go green would help solve the problem of carbon emission. Vegetation helps absolve carbon dioxide and in return produces oxygen, which is healthy for human beings. Rationale for possible solutions The issue of brown fields affects people in the surrounding and the whole society in one way or another. Therefore, it is apparent that civil society involvement would be the best option in the effort to develop and solve problems associated with these sites (Heynen, Kaika and Swyngedouw 53). This is arguably true because when these

Managing High Performance commons assessment Essay

Managing High Performance commons assessment - Essay Example The firm also has to identify appropriate personnel to be promoted to management positions. This will be the focus of this paper. Performance management is defined by Armstrong as â€Å"the process of establishing shared understanding about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved, and an approach to managing and developing people that improves individual, team and organizational performance† (2009 p. 55). This implies that an organization has some goals or objectives to be achieved and these should be shared by all employees. In other words, employees should strive towards achieving company goals if the company is to have sustained success. However, employees are different and as such have different performance levels. Some are high performers while others are low performers and the managers should deal with low performance as early as possible for the success of the company. According to Cardy and Leonard (2011 p 137-138) it is not only low performance that needs to be checked but also high performance to understand success factors and enhance them. Rewarding high performance is also essent ial in ensuring the company maintains best talent by keeping such employees motivated. One way to achieve this goal is through promotions and recognitions. The first question that managers need to ask themselves is; who are the high performers? In this case, as a consultant I would advice the management to have a carefully devised job description which outlines what is to be performed, standards of performance, and how to measure performance (Armstrong 2009). The goals or standards against which performance is to be measured should be a mutual understanding between management and employees so that they can own up the process and be able to assess their own performance. Those who achieve beyond the expected standards are considered high performance and are best suited for promotions.

Accounting Final Common Assessment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting Final Common Assessment Paper - Essay Example This is also carried out to ensure that the information provided by the accounting function is meaningful and relevant to its users. Every organization does have an accounting function to assist in recording and reporting of financial information generated from different activities of the business. The data processed by the accounting function can be useful to users of this information in many ways. This paper looks at the role of accounting in organizations and its importance in terms of managing a business. Furthermore, it will delve the usefulness of the accounting information generated the accounting function. The importance of accounting function in any organization cannot be ignored. It is considered as an independent function which is responsible for gathering information from different business activities and then compiling and publishing them in accordance to the reporting standards. The role of accounting has changed over the years. It is not just limited to reporting of financial information to external users, but also is responsible for performing various other tasks in any organization. Accountants are involved in planning and implementation of the company’s strategies through different processes.... For example, inventory of a company can be recognized and recorded using four different methods such as First In First Out (FIFO), Last In Last Out (LIFO), Average Cost, and Output Method. It should be noted that different methods of recording inventory will yield different results in the same year, and companies have the choice of selecting a method and reporting their inventory according to the requirements of reporting standards. However, it should also be highlighted that the choice of different accounting methods should be in accordance to the requirements of accounting standards. In the recent years, several frauds surfaced the US corporate sector, which were blamed on the inherent loopholes and too much flexibility in the US GAAP. Since then, efforts between FASB and IASB are being carried to improve the accounting standards and reconcile methods of recording and reporting different elements of a business. One of the core functions of accounting is to collect data from differe nt business segments and process it into a form of information, which is understandable, relevant, and complete. Each business segment performs different activities and produce data which has to be consolidated by the accounting function of organizations. This information is referred to accounting information that may exist in different forms. Traditionally, this information was only available based on paper based working methods. However, as information technologies have been developed the accounting function has been shifted to computerized systems. These systems allow systematic entry of data and then making this information accessible to accountants who then process this data using various tools to generate financial information. In

Terrorism, Its Cause and Its Solution Essay Example for Free

Terrorism, Its Cause and Its Solution Essay Political Parties and Their Roles A political party is defined as an organised group of people with at least roughly similar political aims and opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office. Parties tend to be deeply and durably entrenched in specific substructures of the specific society in a sustainable and well functioning democracy. They can link the governmental institutions to the elements of the civil society in a free and fair society and are regarded as necessary for any modern democratic system. Political parties perform key tasks in a democratic society, such as 1. socialising and educating voters and citizens in the functioning of the political and electoral system and the generation of general political values 2. balancing opposing demands and converting them into general policies 3. Activating and mobilising citizens into participating in political decisions and transforming their opinions into viable policy options 4. Channelling public opinion from citizens to government 5. Recruiting and training candidates for public office. Political parties are often described as institutionalized mediators between civil society and those who decide and implement decisions. By this, they enable their members’ and supporters’ demands to be represented in parliament and in government. Even though parties fulfil many vital roles and perform several functions in a democratic society, the nomination and presentation of candidates in the electoral campaign is the most visible function to the electorate. To perform the above mentioned tasks and functions, political parties and citizens need some rights and obligations guaranteed or ruled by constitution or law. These include * Freedom of organisation * Freedom to stand for election * Freedom of speech and assembly * Provision of a fair and peaceful competition * Mechanisms of plurality * Inclusion in the electoral process and contacts with the EMB * A  level playing field and freedom from discrimination * Media access and fair reporting * Transparent and accountable political finance The internal functioning of individual political parties is to some extent determined by forces that are external to political parties, such as the electoral system, political culture, legal regulations, etc. However, internal processes of political parties, such as the personality of leaders and staff, the ideological foundations, party history, and internal political culture are considered to be even more influential on the internal functioning. If a political party would like the democratic principles of electoral politics to be applied within the party, they may consider practices like internal information and consultation processes, internal (formal or informal) rules and structures for the organisation and decision-making within the party, and transparency in the party’s functioning at all levels. Party members may also take on more formal roles in decision-making like participating in internal elections for leadership positions or in selecting the party’s candida te(s) in the upcoming elections. Many parties also work actively to enhance the role oftraditionally under-represented groups in their parties. Role Of Political Parties In spite of the Founders’ intentions, the United States in 1800 became the first nation to develop nascent political parties organized on a national basis to accomplish the transfer of executive power from one faction to another via an election. The development and expansion of political parties that followed was closely linked to the broadening of voting rights. In the early days of the republic, only male property owners could vote, but that restriction began to erode in the early 19th century as the result of immigration, the growth of cities and other democratizing forces, such as the westward expansion of the country. Over the decades, the right to vote was extended to ever larger numbers of the adult population as restrictions based on property ownership, race and sex were eliminated. As the electorate expanded, the political parties evolved to mobilize the growing mass of voters as the means of political control. Political parties became institutionalized to accomplish this essential task. Thus, parties in  America emerged as a part of democratic expansion, and, beginning in the 1830s, they became firmly established and powerful. In recent decades, increasing numbers of individual voters classify themselves as â€Å"independent,† and they are permitted to register to vote as such in many states. Yet, according to opinion polls, even those who say that they are independents normally have partisan leanings toward one party or another. Political Parties play various role such as; role in elections, role in local government,role in Policy macking,Role in government and role in a democracy.these role are explain given below. 1.Election Process: Election is the fundamental part of the government which was founded on the principle that the power to govern resides in the people.Elections provides the mean by which the people delegates this power to elected representative.By voting for government officials,the public makes choices about policies,programs and future direction of government actions.At the same time election make government officials accountable to their constituents.Elected officials must conduct themselves in responsible manner and take into account popular interest and the wishesof those they represent.Otherwise they risk being voted out of office.This system depends primerily on the voters.The electoral process only work if people participate. 2.Functions of political Parties: Political parties perform an important task in government. They bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office. Although very much involved in the operation of government at all levels, political parties are not the government itself, and the Constitution makes no mention of them. The basic purpose of political parties is to nominate candidates for public office and to get as many of them elected as possible. Once elected, these officials try to achieve the goals of their party through legislation and program initiatives. Although many people do not think of it this way, registering as a Democrat or Republican makes them members of a political party.  Political parties want as many people involved as possible. Most members take a fairly passive role, simply voting for their partys candidates at election time. Some become more active and work as officials in the party or volunteer to persuade people to vote. The most ambitious members may decide to run for office themselves. 3.Role in policy making: Political parties are not policymaking organizations in themselves. They certainly take positions on important policy questions, especially to provide alternatives to the position of whichever party is in power. When in power, a party attempts to put its philosophy into practice through legislation. If a candidate wins office by a large majority, it may mean that the voters have given him or her a mandate to carry out the program outlined in the campaign. Because President Bill Clinton failed to win a majority of the popular vote in both 1992 and 1996, few considered his victories a mandate for any specific policy or ideology. President George W. Bush also entered office without a clear mandate, because his opponent, Al Gore, won more votes (and might have won the Electoral College if not for irregularities, such as confusing ballots, in Florida). 4.Role in Democracy: Democracy can be defined as rule for the, of the, by the peole.Actually it would be a means by which a government can run.infact democracy is based on free and fair Election machenism,adult francise,participation of all people in decision making etc. freedom of all parties to take part in election is one of the most importent thing so as to assure democracy or again democracy is maintain when there is morethen one political party it reflect public opinion and mass participation in decision making for their own.so the existence of political party implice the range of democracy. 5.Role in Local Government: Local candidates standing on a party card should have the advantage of a protective and developmental party machine behind them, schooling them beforehand on the issues, means and procedures of local government. In, practice however, this rarely, if ever, happens. Strategic advance thinking  and preparation – and the organisational focus and capability to deliver it – is, somehow, not the British thing. In theory, Independent candidates cannot be expected to have such support, while in practice, they are no more enabled or disabled by this than are their party political rivals. Where party backing comes into play is, to a degree, in the matter of campaigning. Behind party candidates is some sort of a ‘machine’ – not, actually a realistic concept in the ad hockery of local government at all levels. But there will at least be a knowledge of what to do and how to do it. This can be as much a disadvantage as an advantage as it will tend to perpetuate the status quoand to lack innovation; although it has great practical value in access to existing lists (the word ‘database’ would, in most cases, be stretching the point) and contacts. Party-based candidates will generally be given – or have imposed upon them – overarching, party-driven manifesto commitments to flesh out the paragraphs in their election literature and save them the trouble of thinking too much. Independents fly absolutely solo on the means and content of their campaigns. They have neither guidance nor instruction nor any or much campaigning infrastructure. 6.Regional Division and Politics of Alliances: Although the political contest in Pakistan is often depicted as a battle between the two major parties, this is something of a fallacy. Notably in the smaller provinces, strong regional-based parties have existed since the creation of Pakistani, and this tendency has continued till the present date, providing perhaps some indication of the ethnic, and ideological, diversity in the country. One of the parties which most effectively demonstrates the ethnic nature politics has frequently pursued in Pakistan is the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), a party which holds almost total sway as far as electoral success is concerned in the Sindh capital of Karachi – Pakistan’s largest city, gaining over 5 per cent of the national vote in both 1988 and 1990, an astonishing figure given its narrow base. On both occasions this translated into 13 National Assembly, and 28 Sindh seats. The MQM boycotted the 1993 polls. In the 1997 polls, it again claimed a share of just under 5 per cent of the  vote, which gave it 12 seats in the NA. 7.Political trends: While in terms of numbers, the political parties engaged in the electoral contest in Pakistan is great, this does not represent, in ideological terms, a political diversity. The class base for most of the parties has failed to move beyond the traditional elite which wields influence in Pakistans politics, and even when representatives from the middle-classes have emerged, as in the case of those making up the leadership of the MQM, they heave tended to articulate interests based on factors of ethnicity, other narrow categories, rather than on the basis of broader class interests. Moreover, in terms of ideology, the major political parties have been moving closer towards each other, and generally steering away from agendas advocating radical social change. The divide in terms of policy is narrower than ever before, and despite their vociferous attacks on each other, and the deep-rooted polarisation which often prevents them from coming together even on matters of common interest, the leading parties in the country represent a single force, rather than a range of groups articulating different, conflicting interests.The virtual disappearance of the left from electoral politics in Pakistan has aggravated this tendency, with conflict between parties based largely on rhetoric or highly personalised attacks on party leaders. The fact that, on the basis of political opportunism, members of one party are frequently willing to switch alliances and move to another group perhaps reflects the extent to which politics in the country have been stripped of ideological beliefs or commitment. And, even for the parties themselves, it is electoral pragmatism aimed at increasing vote banks and seat shares which for the most part dictates strategy, rather than the pursuit of the lofty ideals detailed in party manifestoes.