Saturday, February 15, 2020
Is Utility consistent with Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Is Utility consistent with Justice - Essay Example ssary to differentiate Millââ¬â¢s definition and perspective of utility and justice from other definition and perspective of the word to make the answer of the question ââ¬Å"Is Utility consistent with ââ¬ËJusticeââ¬â¢?â⬠to be consistent as intended by John Stuart Mill and understand that indeed utility is consistent with justice. Utility or utilitarianism and justice is a philosophical and social construct defined by many philosophers and social thinkers. Utility or utilitarianism itself was not an exclusive idea of Mill but was also shared by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham first gave the idea of utilitarianism in his introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation in 1789. In his introduction, he proposed the ââ¬Å"principle of utilityâ⬠which later evolved and popularized as ââ¬Å"the greatest happiness principleâ⬠as also adopted by Mills as the ideal guidelines in making decisions involving individual and society as a whole quoting ââ¬Å"By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question1â⬠. The ââ¬Å"principle of utility is [also] open to the objection that it may well sacrifice the rights of the minority for the sake of the happiness of the majority2â⬠.à It follows then that Mill entertains the idea of expedience in his idea about utility for the sake of the happiness of the majority. John Stuart Mill did not only subscribed to this idea of Bentham but expanded its meaning as a collective nomenclature for societyââ¬â¢s social utility which is necessary in fostering and protecting human liberty3 . Mill recognizes that there exists a possible conflict between utility and justice and that it has always been ââ¬Å"one of the strongest obstacles4â⬠for utilitarianism to become totally acceptable. To reconcile this conflict, Mill proposes to approach the problem through a conceptual
Sunday, February 2, 2020
Limitations and Requirements of ANOVA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Limitations and Requirements of ANOVA - Essay Example The samplesââ¬â¢ variances should not be different though some departures can be accommodated. All individuals used in the samples must be selected randomly from the population. All individuals of the samples must have equal probability for being selected. The sizes of the sample should be equal but there is an allowance of some differences. One of the limitations of ANOVA is that, when a significant data difference cannot be found, the samples cannot be said to be the same. It only indicates differences between groups and not groups which are different. Normality assumes that the errors which are random within each group of treatment, the groupsââ¬â¢ mean deviations, have a normal probability distribution. For normal data but variances which are heterogeneous, ANOVA is good for balanced designs but not for designs which are highly unbalanced. In normal data setting, heterogeneous variances and designs which are unbalanced, Welchââ¬â¢s ANOVA might be used for the accommodation of unequal variances. With variances which are homogenous but data which is non-normal, ANOVA is good for designs which are balanced with large samples. It is not good for unbalanced designs with small samples. In non-normal data setting, variances which are homogenous and a small sample or unbalanced design, a non-parametric procedure is preferred. If the distribution of data is not normal and heterogeneity of variances exist, there might be transformation necessity. The importance of a design which is balanced and existence of a large sample must be pu t into consideration. A common standard deviation is shared by all normal distributions. The different t-test options can be used around the equal variances assumptions or unequal variances assumption. The f-test, apart from being used to for t-tests, it can also be used to compare variations in two data sets in the CJ data. The test makes use of a calculated F stat
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